Strategic managemt internation expansion strategy Essay

Strategic managemt internation expansion strategy - Essay Example Dell Computer is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas, in the United States. The company manufactures computer components and provides service and support to individuals, businesses, educational and government organizations around the world. Dell computer has been in business for a relatively short period of time (since May of 1984) but has realized a global presence that accounts for 44% of its total revenue for the first (fiscal) quarter of 2007. (Dell, 2006) Dell's global presence includes operations in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The computer company has used its unique business model (direct model) to enter and compete in the global marketplace. Success for this company has been hard earned as Dell has had to adjust its model to accommodate market conditions in global markets it has entered. What has made Dell so successful is its focus on its direct model of customer service. According to Dell, Inc. "Dell listens to customers and delivers innovative technology and services th ey trust and value. Uniquely enabled by its direct business model, Dell sells more systems globally than any computer company, placing it No. 25 on the Fortune 500. Company revenue for the past four quarters was $56.7 billion." (Dell Inc, 2006) Dell computer anticipates making changes to its business model in response to market indicators in foreign markets that may indicate that Dells' international strategies may not be working as well as anticipated. Each market, and Dell's performance in that market, will be critically analyzed. Dell plans to focus on three areas of concern to beef up its approach to market conditions. These three areas are: customer service, product leadership, and productivity and cost improvements. Dell's focus will be on "providing the broadest and highest quality product line in history" (Dell, 2007) 2. Core Competencies Dell's core competencies consist of a business model unique in the information technology industry. They use a customer direct model with a twelve day inventory on hand vs. the industry standard of 30 to 45 days of stock on hand. Dell puts great emphasis on lessons learned so as to not repeat mistakes made in the past. Dell claims its focus on its direct model and its virtually integrated organization as keys to its local and global successes. Dell has brought "customers and suppliers inside the business though the capabilities of evolving internet technology. The fundamental results were speed, efficiency, direct customer service, responsiveness to customer wishes, and a soaring stock price" (Finney, 2002). Michael Dell's core philosophies have become Dell's core philosophies. Some of these philosophies include (Finney, 2002): - Hiring Ahead of the Curve - Segmenting the CEO - Building a Company of Owners - Staying Allergic to Hierarchy - Mobilizing People Around a Singe Business Goal - Developing Products from the Customer's Viewpoint - Targeting a Customer of One - Adding Value "Beyond the Box" - Aligning Complementary Strengths for Success - Flipping the Demand/Supply Equation - Playing Judo with the Competition Dell's core compe

Adult Development and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adult Development and Family - Essay Example After learning that her husband died a long time ago, I immediately comforted her with my words and gave her a sense of reassurance. Her husband was a general. He had served in the People’s liberation Army for a long time. She was happy to share her memories of her husband with me and cited how they went to so many places when they were young. Before China’s liberation, she cited how her husband was extremely busy, though they did not have a child at that time. She now has two children, a son and a daughter. After China was liberated, she had the chance of applying for retirement benefits. After her husband’s death due to a heart disease, which is genetic in her family, her daughter now takes care of her, even though the son is the older sibling. In China, it is a tradition for daughters to take care of babies or older adults in the family. I asked if she suffered from any illnesses herself and she was quick to tell me that she had diabetes, a genetic disease in the family, osteoporosis and high blood pressure. While interviewing Laolao, I had to identify the most comfortable way and topic that would interest her. She seemed happy to talk about how to promote healthy aging and wellness in old age. It was quite difficult for her to identify a few strategies that she used to promote healthy aging and wellness. My conversation with her in the beginning was predominantly focused on her feelings of failure when it came to promoting her own wellness. I started by asking her this question: â€Å"Are there specific strategies that you have used to promote healthy aging over the years?† Her response was that she was not â€Å"the best example.† She believed that she could have done more to promote her health. One key theme that relates to gerontology as we learnt in class that emerged during the interview was the issue of nutritional changes that

Competitive Markets and Marketing Strategies Essay

Competitive Markets and Marketing Strategies - Essay Example This positioning strategy helps the customers to have product within their minds. To address the target market Scion creates customers' trust to make them willingly follow the company. The goal of the company "is to provide distinctive products, the opportunity to personalize, and an innovative, consumer-driven process at the retail level" (Breaking, Fully Integrated Scion, 2005). Another peculiarity of Scion is that the product design is its own form of positioning. Scion design identifies the brand and a model as a symbol of a youth hippie culture (). This method is an effective strategy for communicating with the audience who consider themselves members of a particular group, "generation Y". Finding that today's youth are different, the new product is designed for those young people who love speed and luxury. Even "if they can't afford luxury, they'll take luxury touches" (Woodyard, n.d.). The car combines the features of "tasteful design and exemplary fit make tC almost seem Lexus-like" (Healey, 2004). Positioning based on design represents an act of personal pleasure, reflect the owner's actual or ideal image. For instance, xA has "the 1.5-liter, four cylinder engine is rated at 108 hp @ 6,000 rpm and 105 lb-ft of torque @ 4,200 rpm.

Canadian Culture in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Canadian Culture in the Classroom Essay There is a real lack of appreciation for Canadian literature across Ontario. In grade 12 classrooms across the province there is a wide variety of material studied, very little of it being of Canadian descent. While good writers exist in all cultures, Ontario students should mainly study Canadian authors as there needs to be focus on Canadian culture, to also promote and establish current authors, and to encourage young Canadian writers. Southern neighbours have already swamped Canada with their various ways of life. There is no reason for American culture to leak into the classroom. Canadian culture has never had the chance to blossom, even with the potential possessed, because of the storied and rich culture that has preceded it. Always under the thumb of foreign culture, Canadian authors were always an afterthought. For years, a student in Ontario would study Shakespeare and other British writers, and today, even American writers such as Fitzgerald. All of them, no doubt writing quality literature, but the big picture is being missed. Many schools limit a student’s exposure to a Canadian novel to ISP reading lists. In this sense, Canada is an attic in which we have stored American and British literature without considering our own (Davies, Letters in Canada 426). No wonder a Canadian student has problems appreciating there culture. It seems as though that any Canadian literature studied is out of date to begin with. This includes works such as Mordecai’s Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz or Lawrence’s, Stone Angel. Fifth Business, which was published in 1970 over 40 years ago is still on many courses of study in Gr. 12 classrooms. Atwood’s Handmade Tale, the most recent of these books was published in 1985; over twenty five years ago. Again, while most teachers allow and may even encourage a student to focus on more modern Canadian books for their ISP, the classroom experience is almost always limited to studying these golden oldies. In order for Canadian literature to become a staple in the Ontario classroom, there needs to be an infusion of modern Canadian novels. Then there is the issue of these out of date authors not reflecting our modern multicultural society. There needs to be a variety of races represented in literature because, it is these very people which make Canada so diverse. As Robertson Davies stated†¦ â€Å"Canada is not going to have a national literature in the mode of those European lands where a long history has bound the people together, and where a homogeneous racial inheritance has given them a language, customs, and even a national dress of their own† (Transactions 35). We need to look at the work of Canadian authors who have come here from different backgrounds as to inspire young authors of all races. There is no doubt a brilliant mind out there, who could turn into a Canadian icon, but simply has no interest in Hamlet or Life of Pi. As Canadians, we are lost in a sea of international influences; we hardly know who we are. No wonder that Margaret Atwood can comment that Canadians have issues with establishing their identity. In discussing Canadian writers, she argues a Canadian state of mind does not really exist†¦ â€Å"Im talking about Canada as a state of mind, as the space you inhabit not just with your body but with your head. Its that kind of space in which we find ourselves lost (Margaret 18). In order for this great nation to continue to produce young writers, to establish the current authors, and to gain Canadian literature the respect it deserves, the focus in the Canadian classroom needs to be on Canadian writers. While some might think that students will be prevented from studying the best literature out there, taking this approach will allow Canadian students to see the value of our authors, especially with the many talented Canadian authors. Although there is no need to completely uproot staples such as Shakespeare, from a curriculum, Canadian culture need to be priority number one. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1972. Print. Davies, Robertson. Letters in Canada. Toronto: Macmillan Press, 1979. Print. Davies, Robertson. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. IV. XIII. Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, 1975. Print.

Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition :: Disgust

Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition The subject of John Keats "Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition" has to do with the opposition of religion and what people do to seek their "religious enlightenment". It seems more as if the theme is based on his personal dislike of religion and the things people do for religion. Keats suggestion that a preachers sermon tears you from "Fireside joys" and "Lydian airs" makes it seem as if the people in church do not want to be there, which is most likely not the case. He is trying to make his point about what he is speaking of by trying to make the reader agree with him. Which might work with some people, but as for me I already have a fixated belief about religion, one that will not change even if I read some writers perturbed opinions. Images are used very well by Keats to present his opinion or feelings about the subject. On lines two and three of "Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition" Keats says "calling the people to some other prayers, some other gloominess, more dreadful cares." This image of people flocking to prayers so that their heads can be filled with nonsense (dreadful cares) which they do not need is the initial bash on church by Keats. From these two lines, it is obvious right away that the writer is no too fond of religion and the morals it preaches. He apparently feels as if church is a bunch of superstitious people trying to implant these ideas into public minds about how to live their life. Before you even begin to read his poem it is obvious of his dislike for something by the title "Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition", you can not tell exactly what his dislike is for until you begin reading. Then the images on lines two and three make you start thinking that his "disgust of superstition" could be a disgust of religious superstition. I feel that it is those images that set the tone for the rest of the poem. "A chill as from a tomb". Those are pretty strong words to be used in opposition of religion.

Analysis of the short story Essay

`This essay will discuss certain reaction to the story ‘Examination day’, as well as reviewing the lifestyle and world Dickie lives in. The Jordan family are not rich but they are part of the working class society. The accommodation is quite small, they’re ‘little apartment’ is described in line 21: ‘The boy †¦ wandered to that part of the living room which had been ‘his’ from infancy. ’ This shows that things have not changed in terms of housing since he was young and probably their wealth has not increased as much as they would have liked. In the ‘little apartment’ Mrs Jordan mentioned ‘the Exam’ which was why the tension was quite high in the room. ‘The Exam’ is the ‘Government intelligence test they give to children at the age of twelve. ’ This examination was to make sure that there is no-one clever enough to overrule the current government. This test shows an example of what a dictator ruled government is like. This government is a totalitarian government in terms of not wanting to lose power or authority of any sort. These citizens are stuck in an unwanted dictatorship. The examination room was just as restricted as the lives they lead. The room was very dim which represents amount of information they know about the world and their current government. Also in Dickie’s eyes the room doesn’t look very inviting or welcoming even if it was an examination room. Although Dickie could not really see the ‘gray-tunicked attendant’ he knew that this was a very serious matter. The dimness of the room also shows the secretiveness of the government and how much they want their citizens to know. On the day of Dickie’s examination his parents’ were very anxious to see whether or not their son was allowed to come home or not; there were ‘†¦ not speaking, not even speculating. ’ They were so apprehensive that when the phone rang they both tried to reach for it. This shows that they had a feeling that things were not going to work out perfectly for them. When Mr Jordan answered the phone to the ‘Government Educational Service’ he was told that his son’s ‘†¦intelligence quotient has exceeded the Government regulation. ’ This information was a shock to Mr Jordan that even his wife had read the expression of disappointment on his face. The government had announced that Dickie was going to die because he had breached the ‘intelligence quotient’. This shows that the government are too scared to let the clever people live their own lives or even work for them at their young age. This shows that the dictator is not as strong as he portrays himself to be. This shows that he is insecure and that if anyone clever was around he would probably crumble from having lack of authority. I think that the Jordan family live in a completely totalitarian world where they have no freedom to do what they like when they feel like it; unless they are in their own home. Their dictator is too worried about anyone overruling him; he feels the need to get rid all of the clever citizens to be secure in his position. This shows that this dictator is too unsecure to be head of the government. He needs to step aside and let someone else do the job properly.

Recycling and Dear Fellow Friends.standing

Recycling Good morning to our beloved teachers, Puan Rusni and my dear fellow friends. Standing here today,I would like to deliver a speech entitled,†Recycling. † According to the Asian Development Bank,rapid development,rising personal consumption and unprecedented levels of waste in Asia where cities will generate on estimated 1. 8 million tonnes of rubbish per day by 2025. In Malaysia alone,we produce over 15,000 tonnes pf rubbish daily and it is a matter of time before we run out of space to dispose them.In dealing with this phenomenon,we shall discuss some of the suggestions that all of us can adapt through the process of recycling to conserve the environment. One of the ways to recycle is to sell old newspapers to the junkman who will eventually send them to the recycling centres. By selling the old newspapers,we can earn some extra money at the price of RM0. 03 per kilogramme of old newspapers. Buying recycled paper is also another option. On the average,about 17 m arket sized trees are felled to produce a tonne of paper or one tree is felled to produce 20 reams of A4 size paper.Today,we recognise the limits of resource demand and this is the reason why recycled paper is critical part of our aspiration for a healthy global environment. We should also use both sides of a sheet of paper because it cultivates the habit of not being wasterful while saving our earth from further deterioration. In addition,glass bottles should be recycled. The energy saved by recycling a glass container can light a 100-watt bulb for up to four hours. Avoiding the use of plastic products is another recommended way to protect our Mother Nature because plastic is non-biodegradable,it may survive as long as 700 years.Apart from that,it is indispensably necessary for us to save water and electricity as much as possible. We have to save electricity because we are running fast out of fossil fuels. The fossil fuels saved by turning off the water taps while brushing our teet h. By doing this we can save the energy used to filter purify and transport the water to the end users. On the other hand,electricity can be saved by switching off the light,television,radio and fan before leaving any rooms.This is because the primary environmental impact of electricity consumption is the production of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Hence,saving electricity is the key preserve our Mother Nature, Another advice that everyone ought to take head of is not to throw away leftover rice but instead,make fried rice,tamarind rice,pepper rice and yoghurt rice. This is because many poor nations of the Third World countries are suffering from famine and malnutrition due to accute shortage of food such as Mozumbigue and Sudun and Myannar.Lastly but not least,we can also use water for washing clothes to wash our parents'cars and other non-drinking purpose such as watering plants,washing toilets and mapping floors. As a conclusion,our planet is in a bad shape but most people choose to be indifferent to the effects initiated by the goverment to safeguard to dire condition of the environment. Majority of Malaysians choose to ignore the gathering storm clouds and hope the problem will magically take care of itslef.In Klang Valley,for instance,it produces more than 5000 tonnes of rubbish everyday which can cover the whole of Petronas Twin Towers,one of the tallest buildings in the world,in ten days and this is the reason why we must reduce,reuse and recycle. Whether the planet lives or dies,it depends on us and so,everyone plays a significant role by starting to recycle even from homes because a small change in behaviour has a measurable impact on our Earth. Thank you for lending me your ears. I hope all of you are benefited from my speech today.

Public Relations Campaign Strategy for fictional computer company trying to take over lead market share.

Public Relations Campaign Strategy for fictional computer company trying to take over lead market share. The public relations campaign's overall objective is to promote the transition of a portion of Bell Computers customer service functions to a 24-hour call center located in India. The campaign will focus on the projected benefits attainable in reducing operational costs and improving the quality of customer service provided.Bell Computers recognizes the concerns of internal employees and local communities in moving a portion of their operations to a foreign country. The company's shareholders need assurance that the transition is a practical business decision that will maintain and ultimately increase Bell Computers market share. The political and community leaders in India, as well as the potential employee market must recognize the benefits that the transition will have on their local economy.There are a couple of FLICKR pals here find them.....The public relations campaign design will center on increasing current and potential customer awareness of Bell's commitment to provide qua lity customer service. The current Bell customers will receive promotional materials advising them of the improved services to meet their demands for quality customer service.The overall campaign will consider the appropriate techniques to address the segmented concerns of Bell Computer's internal, external, and marginal publics. Informational, marketing and promotional materials, as well as organized events, developed for each public sector will promote the organizational and public relations objectives.To ensure that the campaign efforts are effective Bell Computer will monitor responses provided from surveys of customers. The company will conduct comparisons reports of the survey results of the new operations center against the results of current customer service operations. The company will pose survey questions to receive responses concerning the accuracy, professionalism, and length of time required to respond to customer service requests.The Bell Computer management and direc tors will review customer surveys, and financial reports to ensure that the organization fulfills their goals. The...

Silicon Facts (Atomic Number 14 or Si)

Silicon Facts (Atomic Number 14 or Si) Silicon is a metalloid element with atomic number 14 and element symbol Si. In pure form, it is a brittle, hard solid with a blue-gray metallic luster. It is best known for its importance as a semiconductor. Fast Facts: Silicon Element Name: SiliconElement Symbol: SiAtomic Number: 14Appearance: Crystalline metallic solidGroup: Group 14 (Carbon Group)Period: Period 3Category: MetalloidDiscovery: Jà ¶ns Jacob Berzelius (1823) Silicon  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 14 Symbol: Si Atomic Weight: 28.0855 Discovery: Jons Jacob Berzelius 1824 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ne]3s23p2 Word Origin: Latin: silicis, silex: flint Properties: The melting point of silicon is 1410 °C, boiling point is 2355 °C, specific gravity is 2.33 (25 °C), with a valence of 4. Crystalline silicon has a metallic grayish color. Silicon is relatively inert, but it is attacked by dilute alkali and by halogens. Silicon transmits over 95% of all infrared wavelengths (1.3-6.7 mm). Uses: Silicon is one of the most widely used elements. Silicon is important to plant and animal life. Diatoms extract silica from water to build their cell walls. Silica is found in plant ashes and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel. Silicon carbide is an important abrasive and is used in lasers to produce coherent light at 456.0 nm. Silicon doped with gallium, arsenic, boron, etc. is used to produce transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other important solid-state electronic devices. Silicone is a class of useful compounds made from silicon. Silicones range from liquids to hard solids and have many useful properties, including use as adhesives, sealants, and insulators. Sand and clay are used to make building materials. Silica is used to make glass, which has many useful mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties. Sources: Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earths crust, by weight, making it the second most abundant element (exceeded by oxygen). Silicon is found in the sun and stars. It is a principal component of the class of meteorites known as aerolites. Silicon is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Silicon is not found free in nature. It commonly occurs as the oxide and silicates, including sand, quartz, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, opal, and citrine. Silicate minerals include granite, hornblende, feldspar, mica, clay, and asbestos. Preparation: Silicon may be prepared by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Amorphous silicon may be prepared as a brown powder, which can then be melted or vaporized. The Czochralski process is used to produce single crystals of silicon for solid-state and semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon may be prepared by a vacuum float zone process and by thermal decompositions of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Element Classification: Semimetallic Isotopes: There are known isotopes of silicon ranging from Si-22 to Si-44. There are three stable isotopes: Al-28, Al-29, Al-30. Silicon Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.33Melting Point (K): 1683Boiling Point (K): 2628Appearance: Amorphous form is brown powder; crystalline form has a grayAtomic Radius (pm): 132Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 12.1Covalent Radius (pm): 111Ionic Radius: 42 (4e) 271 (-4e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.703Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 50.6Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 383Debye Temperature (K): 625.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.90First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 786.0Oxidation States: 4, -4Lattice Structure: DiagonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.430CAS Registry Number: 7440-21-3 Pure silicon has a shiny, metallic luster. Martin Konopka / EyeEm, Getty Images Silicon Trivia Silicon is the eighth most abundant element in the universe.Silicon crystals for electronics must have a purity of one billion atoms for every non-silicon atom (99.9999999% pure).The most common form of silicon in the Earths crust is silicon dioxide in the form of sand or quartz.Silicon, like water, expands as it changes from liquid to solid.Silicon oxide crystals in the form of quartz are piezoelectric. The resonance frequency of quartz is used in many precision timepieces. Sources Cutter, Elizabeth G. (1978). Plant Anatomy. Part 1 Cells and Tissues (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-2639-6.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Voronkov, M. G. (2007). Silicon era. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Zulehner, Werner; Neuer, Bernd; Rau, Gerhard, Silicon, Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_721

Carnauba Wax Composition and Uses

Carnauba Wax Composition and Uses My son says my car smells like candy. This is not because I satisfy some sugar craving while driving, but because I waxed it with the same wax used to coat many candies. This is carnauba wax, also known as palm wax or Brazil wax. What is carnauba wax? Carnauba wax is an ingredient in many foods and household products. Heres a look at what carnauba wax is made of and the properties that make it such a useful chemical. Carnauba Wax Origin Carnauba wax is a natural wax. It  comes from the leaves of the Copernicia prunifera palm grown only in Brazil. The wax is obtained by beating the wax off of the dried palm fronds and then refining it for use. The pure wax is yellow in color. Carnauba Wax Chemical Composition Carnauba wax consists of fatty acid esters (80-85%), fatty alcohols (10-16%), acids (3-6%) and hydrocarbons (1-3%). It is around 20% esterified fatty diols, 10% methoxylated or hydroxylated cinnamic acid, and 6% hydroxylated fatty acids. Properties and Uses Carnauba wax has a very high melting point of 82-86  °C (180-187  °F). It is harder than concrete and nearly insoluble in water and ethanol. It is non-toxic and hypoallergenic. It can be polished to a high gloss. The combination of properties leads to many applications, including use in food, cosmetics, automobile and furniture wax, molds for semiconductor devices, and as a coating for dental floss. You use products that contain carnauba wax every day, though you may not have known what the ingredient was or where it came from. It is one of those extremely useful natural chemicals and renewable resources that doesnt have a synthetic equivalent. As for my car smelling like candy: the wax does have a distinctive sweet scent. It might be more accurate to say many car waxes and candies smell like carnauba wax.

Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposal - Research Paper Example On the basis of collected data on different socio-economical parameters related to juvenile crime, we are trying to figure out whether one single reason plays more important behind this crime or the different social and economical parameters an important role behind this. Use of different statistical methods to analyze the collected data will help us figure out what are the points that play a major role behind juvenile crimes across the world. To sum up the research topic we can say that the most important question in relation to juvenile crime is how many lives should be lost when a young person gets involved in a crime resulting in a death of an innocent person? In every country, the above question is the most important point of debate with respect to juvenile crime. Hence this research attempts to find the relation between socio economic factors and juvenile offences. Part 2: Literature Review: According to Binder, Geis, Bruce (2001), a person below a certain legally defined age o f criminal responsibility and above a certain age limit, held punishable for conducting any criminal offense is known as juvenile delinquent. The consideration of minimum age, at which an individual can be convicted in a criminal court varies in different countries. For youngsters, any hearing for any kind of offense happens in a juvenile court initially but if the court feels that the level of crime is bigger, then the justice can be done through normal hearing (Binder, Geis, Bruce, 2001, p.3). Principal youth court judge of New Zealand Becroft (2009), in his writing pointed out different reasons behind the antisocial or criminal behavior of any child. These comprised previous history of antisocial behavior, use of tobacco, alcohol etc, low self control, hyperactive nature, low family income, less educated parents, family history of criminal behavior. All these directly or indirectly induce a young child to get involved in criminal activities. According to Shoemaker (2009), Juvenil e delinquency not only include criminal activities, conducted by any minor, but it also includes other activities like running away from home, truance from school, disobeying the instruction of parents or local guardians etc. These activities known as â€Å"status offenses† (Shoemaker, 2009, p 3). According to Shoemaker, in the USA, two factors were taken into consideration by any state before taking a case from the juvenile court to adult court jurisdiction. These are age of the child at the time of the offense and the nature of magnitude of the offense. Any serious offense like murder or forcible rape by any juvenile sometimes transferred to the adult court of jurisdiction which requires a higher level of punishment. (Shoemaker, 2009, p 3-4) Elrod and Ryder(2013) in their study pointed out the importance of juvenile justice as an institution for social control. According to them it is important for the family and school to have control over the youth and also teach them the lesson to not get involved in the criminal activities. According to them, juvenile justice system will help young individuals to avoid the criminal activities in the near future which are harmful for them as well as their near ones. (Elrod and Ryder, 2013, p. 13). According to World youth report 2003 (2004), the intensity of the juvenile crime, is determined by the social, economical and cultural conditions of

Project Change Management. The importance of properly managed Change Research Paper

Project Change Management. The importance of properly managed Change Control - Research Paper Example Research strategy signifies the approach which the researcher uses to find information on the relevant topic. In this paper, we are using the secondary method of research which means making use of already available information on the given subject. The secondary resources available include books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, websites etc. For the purpose of writing this paper, we have chosen four core journal papers. The reason why we call them as ‘core’ is that these four papers look at the concept of change management from a different perspectives, how change can be implemented in project organizations, how to manage change in project organizations and the factors which cause a project to fail as well as the reasons for bringing project to success. For the purpose of studying the topic, we are going to follow the qualitative approach because our research is exploratory in nature. Researchers involved in qualitative research examine things mostly in their original settings and try and make meaning out of it. There are a number of ways which are used to collect data in qualitative research such as case studies, individual stories, observations, interviewing which tell them a lot about people, events and their interpretations (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p.2) The data we will be collecting for understanding the topic will be in qualitative form and content analysis is the best technique for its analysis. Content analysis can be defines as a technique which is used to making inferences that are not only valid but also replicable from the data into context form (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005). In the cut throat competition of today, change management holds significant importance. In project organizations, managers face the challenge of integration of change management and project management. Change needs to be implemented in such a way in projects that the results guarantee success (Trehorel, 2007). It appears wise to

Labour Market Segmentation Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labour Market Segmentation Theory - Term Paper Example 56-60). Labor market segmentation theory is actually one of neo-classical economic theories. According to the neoclassical economists, there is a labor market, which is similar to other markets with sellers and buyers in open competition with one another. It is different from the other markets in some ways. It is a universal fact that labor is not a homogeneous commodity, when it comes to the interests and choice between work and leisure it varies from worker to worker, have different tastes for monetary rewards as opposed to non-monetary rewards (Toft, pp. 36-44). In a labor market, neither the employer nor the workers can move from one place to another without incurring certain costs. It results in wages remaining high in cities that are big even when there are many workers unemployed when other parts of the country are taken into account. Local labor market is a term that often comes under utilization to refer to the market with jobs restricted to a particular locale it can be a t own or a city. Where employers in different industries require certain skills and wish to keep workers once the workers are equipped with certain skills industrial labor markets arise (Toft, pp. 25-30).

Histhopathological change in human cerebellum in motor neuron disease Literature review

Histhopathological change in human cerebellum in motor neuron disease patients - Literature review Example In most brain functions, the motor controls are crossed such that the right motor cortex controls the left side of the body while the left motor cortex controls the right side of the body. The axons of the neurons in these cortexes must therefore split into two at some point during their decline into the spinal cord in order to shift sides. The splitting of the axons takes place at the junction between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. It is this crossover that will lead to paralysis on one side of the body when the other side of the brain ends up with stroke or injuries. The cerebellum is connected and joined to the brain by three peduncles and divided into three parts including vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum. It contains much cortex which is very much folded and whose interior matter is enclosed in a white substance and has cerebellar nuclei. It is not easy to define which parts of the cerebral cortex are motor in nature, however there are various cortical regions where if stimulated leads to movement. The three parts of the cerebellum are responsible for the regulation of reflexes and equilibrium control as well as motor sequences programming. Besides this, they plan and start all voluntary movements in the body. The infection of the cerebellum will ultimately cause motor symptoms. The cerebellar disease produces various symptoms depending on the parts. The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are responsible for limp movement control. The midline of the cerebellum also referred to the vermis is responsible for movements of the eye, voice control and axial functions. The vestibulocerebellum controls vestibular functions. Therefore the damage to the lateral hemispheres causes tremor symptoms which are rhythmic are mainly on voluntary movements. Injuries on the vermis cause effects on the axial motor. This can be seen through defections in the head and trunk or problems in the eye movements or with

International Rsk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Rsk Management - Essay Example â€Å"All trading systems should be aligned with the big picture. People need strategies that take advantage of macro tendencies to make good profits† (Tharp 1996). Their ultimate purpose is to be free to produce, invest and distribute what they desire, where they need, exist as long as they prefer, can move capital, workers and goods at will. Subcategories of these important freedoms naturally contain massive privatisation of public services and publicly held companies. Nothing must be debarred a priori from the market, genetic material or human body parts; foods, water, seeds, forests or air, art, music or sport. TNCs can generally stay above the law, even when they cause grievous damage to people and the surroundings. TNCs compute their achievements by 'shareholder value' and profit rates, which means the market cost of the company's stock. Some companies even buy up their personal stock to reason the market cost to rise. Cost-cutting, particularly through huge layoffs, is an additional way to enlarge shareholder price and loyalty to workers or to the communities where they occur to is a bye gone idea. â€Å"The United Nations (UN) claims there are now about 60,000 TNCs with half a million affiliates, but the ones to watch are the top one, two or five hundred. Of the top 100 economic entities in the world, 51 are corporations, only 49 are state owned. General Motors or General Electric is much larger than Saudi Arabia or Poland, and so on† (George 2000). The TNCs are continually in search of better market shares which they can get more easily by buying up other companies than by making new ones. â€Å"The three major international economic organizations are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO emerged out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995; it is an arrangement across countries that serve as a forum for negotiations on trading rules as well as a mechani sm for dispute settlements in trade issues† (Krueger 2007). Equity market means the market in which shares are issued and traded, also during exchanges. Also recognized as the stock market, it is one of the largely vital regions of a market economy for the reason that it gives company’s access to investors and capital a slice of possession in a company with the probable to realize profits based on its future performance. Following are the important role, Development of the business and commerce: It affects the financial system of the country to a large extent. It is the secondary market: it provides the stock exchange where institutional investors and retail investors buy and sell the stocks. Brokers of the stock market: Brokers really perform the buy and sell instructions of the investors and resolve the deals to maintain the stock trading alive. Derivatives are agreements and can be utilized as a fundamental asset. There are even derivatives founded on weather data, f or instance the quantity of rain or the quantity of sunny days in a specific region. Derivatives are usually used as a tool to hedge risk, other than can also be utilized for speculative reasons. Derivatives play a helpful and significant role in risk management and hedging, other than they also pose

Histhopathological change in human cerebellum in motor neuron disease Literature review

Histhopathological change in human cerebellum in motor neuron disease patients - Literature review Example In most brain functions, the motor controls are crossed such that the right motor cortex controls the left side of the body while the left motor cortex controls the right side of the body. The axons of the neurons in these cortexes must therefore split into two at some point during their decline into the spinal cord in order to shift sides. The splitting of the axons takes place at the junction between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. It is this crossover that will lead to paralysis on one side of the body when the other side of the brain ends up with stroke or injuries. The cerebellum is connected and joined to the brain by three peduncles and divided into three parts including vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum. It contains much cortex which is very much folded and whose interior matter is enclosed in a white substance and has cerebellar nuclei. It is not easy to define which parts of the cerebral cortex are motor in nature, however there are various cortical regions where if stimulated leads to movement. The three parts of the cerebellum are responsible for the regulation of reflexes and equilibrium control as well as motor sequences programming. Besides this, they plan and start all voluntary movements in the body. The infection of the cerebellum will ultimately cause motor symptoms. The cerebellar disease produces various symptoms depending on the parts. The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are responsible for limp movement control. The midline of the cerebellum also referred to the vermis is responsible for movements of the eye, voice control and axial functions. The vestibulocerebellum controls vestibular functions. Therefore the damage to the lateral hemispheres causes tremor symptoms which are rhythmic are mainly on voluntary movements. Injuries on the vermis cause effects on the axial motor. This can be seen through defections in the head and trunk or problems in the eye movements or with

Progression report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progression report - Essay Example I intend to write more and also have more discussions with my supervisors. Due to the understanding that I do possess about the importance of having accurate, valuable and informative information, currently I am undertaking the task of reviewing the previous chapters that I had completed as stipulated in the timeline. The review of the chapters is of great importance as it will ensure that the information contained in the chapters such as introduction, literature review, methodology and data collection are free of errors and are relevant and a true reflection of the status of the study. In addition it will enable in inclusion of some omissions that might have been overlooked during the writing of the chapters. The review of the chapters might take a considerable time since at times I will be required to undertake research as to correct some errors that might be present. Some of the writing obstacles include plenty of materials that one has to undergo through before coming up with the data required and at times the information received is irrelevant or outdated. Additionally, there exists time deadlines that one has to meet hence one has to balance time accordingly. For the analysis stage the preparation that is required to be done is familiarising oneself on the different analysis techniques that can be employed and ensuring one clearly understands the data to be discussed. The chapter on analysis and discussion is expected to take about three month period starting the month of September. The reason why it will need to consume this amount of time is mainly because during the discussions and analysis different available information will need to be compared and verified before a certain position is adopted. Additionally during this stage, in most cases there exists contradicting information that might result to new research hence consuming quite a lot of time. Also the analysis and discussion might involve ideas from

Teen Curfews are Ridiculous Essay Example for Free

Teen Curfews are Ridiculous Essay Earl Manning, my life-long mentor, says, Teen curfews are quite possibly the best thing ever. Teens are evil, corrupt beings and a curfew is all the world needs to cage up teen crime. Though most of Earls wise teachings are true and insightful, on this subject he is terribly mistaken. Teen curfews are not the right solution to the problem of juvenile crime because they enroach on the rights of teens and parents, are ineffective, and there are much better solutions. First of all, how can teen curfews be a good solution if they enroach on the rights of teens and their parents? Civil rights groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) stand up for the rights of Americans as given to them by the Constitution of the United States. Teen curfews violate First Amendment rights, particularly the right to assemble. According the time line taken from Milestones in Teen Curfews in the United States, the courts agreed in 1989. U.S. District Judge Charles Richey blocked the implementation of a Washington DC curfew, essentially calling it unconstitutional. He said the ordinance would raise serious constitutional claims for teens. Curfews constitutionality was again questioned in November 1995 when the ACLU filed a lawsuit in U.S. District court. Then again in July 2000 the rights of American teens prevailed when a federal district court judge found that Indianas 1945 curfew violates the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Advocates of juvenile rights and upholding the Constitution also make it clear that curfews invade on the rights of parents to raise their children. Laws exist to protect citizens, not suppress their basic freedoms as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights in the Constitution. A primary reason curfews are not the right solution to the problem of juvenile crime is that they are not, have not been, and will not be effective. According to the article Teen Curfews, 146 of the nations 200 largest cities now enforce teen curfews, yet juvenile crime rates nationwide remain largely higher than in the past. If teen curfews really are effective, then it would be assumed that there would be a decrease in the juvenile crime rate, or at least a maintenance of status quo. Statistics show that most juvenile crime occurs between the hours of 3 P.M. and 6 P.M.  Thus it would be fruitless to enact curfews that do not attack the problem head on. As James Alan Fox, the dean of the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University, says, The problem with curfew laws is that most kids, the good, the bad and the tired, are asleep at midnight. Past curfews faced these same problems. The time line shows that many cities had passed curfew laws by the 1980s, yet the juvenile violent-crime rate surges upward. Then in the 1990s there was a resurgence of teen curfews to combat juvenile crime, but according to the article the juvenile violent-crime rate.. has climbed [over the past four years], except in 1995, when curfews met resistance from the ACLU. In June 1998, a study on the impact of curfews on juvenile crime in California, released by the Justice Policy Institute, finds that curfews are more a public relations gimmick than an effective crime-fighting tool. The future of curfews looks equally grim and ineffective. According to John DiIulio Jr., a leading crime expert, The large population will give rise to a new and more vicious group of predatory street criminals than the nation has ever known. Arthur Spitzer, the legal director of the ACLU, says, I find it very hard to believe that a curfew would have any significant effect on teenagers who are selling drugs, stealing cars or carrying a gun, which DiIulio suggest is the future of American youth. In February 2000, a survey released by the National League of Cities concludes that curfews do little to reduce hard core gang activity. Lastly, there are better, more effective solutions than teen curfews. The conflict of teen curfews could be avoided all together if such actions were taken. The problem of juvenile crime should be stopped at its source, not nudged in the shoulder by curfews. There have been numerous attempts to combat juvenile crime through positive means and many have been successful. In 1936, the Police Athletic League (PAL) was founded in New York City. PAL worked effectively to give teens a positive alternative to juvenile crime. In 1953 Boys and Girls Clubs of America are established. These offer social, educational, career and leadership programs to disadvantaged youths. In 1974 the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) which gave funds to states to take on juvenile crime. With more  funding and proper management of funds, more programs could be created and those that exist could be expanded and improved. According to the article, Many say that after-school programs and organized sports leagues work to reduce crime. Alfred Blumstein, a leading criminologist, says that curfews must be augmented by community centers. However, teen curfews could be eliminated all together with the expansion of better, more effective solutions. In conclusion, juvenile crime is a pressing matter that demands action. However, the rectification of the problem must not include teen curfews. Curfews infringe on the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and are ineffective. Other solutions are much better, more effective, and eliminate the need for curfews.

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay In this story, it tells how much young people are innocent and are easy to trust others by telling them the actual truths which may even get them into big troubles. The one greatest conflict in this story is that trusting a stranger who asks a lot of information from the little red riding hood and her being unaware of the dangers, letting the stranger know about the information being asked. Thus, it tells how people should not just trust anyone who tries to be too nice when they actually their intention is to dig out their desired information and facts. But it is true that having such conflicts and trusting others is inevitable. Therefore, it has to be practiced and slowly get used to solving these kinds of conflicts. People in conflict pursue goals and also wonders what each person does, and who they are in relationship to each other during the interaction. The little red riding hoods goal was just to go and give the food, being asked by her mother to the grandmother who is sick and lives in the woods. She was somehow using the collaborative goal when answering back to the wolf who was asking her too much information about her. It was simple and a clear goal, but it was not for the wolf whose goal was different from the girls. Its intention was to get as many information as possible it can get and to try to go and eat the old lady in the woods and even try to eat the little girl up too. Therefore, we can see that when we come across many different people, they all come with their own different goals and in order to achieve the various goals they do things and find different ways to gain whatever they want. The do not try to give way to others and try understanding others which may lead to selfishness. They also try to gain power and sometimes the most powerful behavior is to appear to be able to accept but also resist, or even act in a nonresistant way. There are different types of power, namely; reward power, punishment, legitimate, charisma and expert. The person who is in conflict and the style of solving it would differ from that of who is not involved in it, since the styles develop over a lifetime based experiences. The girl in this story should rather forgive the wolf for being this cunning because it has already happened and no one can actually rewind the past and change whatever it has happened. And forgiveness is not a sign of weakness too and requires movement, which helps a person to shift from the situation and even forget about it. In this case, it also invites the reconciliation process to gain back the cooperation and a sense of harmony. If the girl did not trust a stranger like the wolf, this would not have caused the unnecessary danger to her grandmother, and her and the hunter to appear in the picture to have helped them. Top 2: Three Little Pigs In the story of the three little pigs, the conflicts are that the big bad wolfs mindset of trying to destroy the little pigs and eat them up. As all the conflicts are about two issues; power and self-esteem, the big bad wolfs intention is to gain power by trying to show others that he is possible of destroying anything that he wants to. Also, in order to get a higher level of self-esteem for him by doing such things. Power in accustoming relationships is not finite; it is an expansive commodity. Power is something that does not stay constant and something that keeps on changing. The more you try to escape, ignore and resent against someone, the less power you are to show upon or have with that person. Collaboration is also almost always possible in order to solve a conflict and the misunderstandings among the two parties or more. The interest of the wolf in this story was to show the little pigs what he is capable of and how much power he has by blowing the houses that the little pig s have built. From my point of view, showing power was the main source of intention from the wolf rather than its hunger and interest of eating up the little pigs. This story gives the children a lesson to always be in harmony, united and be alert all the time to overcome the unexpected dangers and that one should try again and again until you succeed without thinking of giving up. And to create a different ending from the given story, the little pigs could have built the house in bricks from the very first time they were brought down or blown away by the wolf to prevent from being in danger again and again. Top 3: Pinocchio From the story Pinocchio by the Walt Disney, the little children could learn it is bad to go around and tell lies which bring no benefit to self and only brings ones own image down. From what I can think is the conflict with Pinocchio and the storyline is that the conflict within himself and covering up what he actually is rather than telling the truth, he might also be afraid of being judged by people of him being made of wood and also the desire to become a real human being, travel around all he wants and join a puppet show. For Pinocchio to transform into a normal human being, just like all of us, he is required to prove that he is a brave and a boy who is truthful and does not tell lies, but what he actually doing was lying around when he travels on his own. He knows that he has to be truthful to people for him to become fully human being, but that was not what he was doing. Therefore, it does not help him to achieve his goal of becoming a human being. The solutions become inclear and even unrecognized if one does not know what they want, which means that the only clear goals can be attained. Clear goals can also be altered even more easily rather the unclear goals and the clear goals are reached more often than the unclear or vague goals. And also, people often create difficulties by thinking on their own that their goals can never be achieved and tend to think that the other party will stand in their way. From the five types of power, Pinocchio seems to have been in punishment since his father, who c reated him as a puppet from wood was swallowed by a whale, as he was the one who was lying to people. The conflict styles are also designed responses, or even a group of styles of behavior that people use in conflict. And tactics are the moves made by people and their individuality which brings out their general approach. Top 4: Jack and the Beanstalk From this story of Jack, who gave his cow in exchange of five seeds that would grow and become a tall stalk of beans learns to get a great deal which has its own time and catch for when it is about time. Thus, it also tells or conveys a message to people that one should not be too impatient and worry too much about something that is not going to happen any soon. Worrying or being impatient about things not only takes away your present precious moments, it also drains your energy from thinking and worrying about unnecessary things. The conflict that Jack has is that he has to be afraid of the ogre and try his best not to be caught by that ogre, and on the other hand, he has to get all the riches from the ogres house too, which has a golden harp and also a chicken which can lay golden eggs. Jack seems to have been in desperate need for all these rich things in order for him to escape and get out of his poor and filthy lifestyle. He also has to manage the conflict well to be able to get all the things he wants from the ogres house. Effective conflict management is one aspect of interpersonal therapy, which also is a well-researched counseling technique for dealing with depression. People in conflict may be fearful, resentful, angry, hopeless or even stressed. It is abruptly normal and usual for people who are in conflict to have disagreements. But for Jack, who was trying to get the valuable things from the ogre had to manage himself. In addition, conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur an action w hich prevents, obstructs, interferes with, injures, or in some way makes resolution less likely or less effective. But in the end, what matters the most is the perception of the person who is in or to be in conflict and the ways of seeing things from a different perspective. Goals are also perceived as incompatible usually because the parties want either the same things or different. People usually tend to engage in conflict over goals that are important to them. They would not really care about these goals if they had no concerns, interests, or importance to them. No one actually cares about something that does not interest or bores them. This story could not end better even if it were to be given a new ending, since it has shown the children that Jack was smart enough to remember to cut the bean stalk to prevent the ogre from being able to follow him. Top 5: Cinderella Cinderella is a well-known fairy tale from the Walt Disney ever since a very long time ago. It has become one of the most amazing and interesting tale that children long to watch, listen to, or be exposed to. From this renowned fairy tale of children, the Cinderella; everyone who has watched, seen or heard about this fairy tale knows that she was actually being brought up with one stepmother who does no good to her and only gives her hard times, treats her very unfairly, bullies her for so many times, and makes her life even more miserable and harder despite the fact of having to stay with not only just a stepmother but with also two other daughters of hers. Those two daughters of her stepmother do not do any good to her too and all they do or wish is for her to disappear from their lives and bullies her to the extent of being unable even to explain what she has been going through and how she feels about herself to have a life where she has been locked up like a maid or servant to th e stepmother and the two sisters. The conflict between these two sisters and the stepmother was that of being unable to see some other people being better than them or being able to carry out things that they are unable to. This can also be called as the self-conflict which lies, comes or happens only within their self. It is something that has to be solved by them, which cannot be done by others. These two sisters and the stepmother actually know and believe that the Cinderella was way better than in appearance, abilities and even charm that they cannot make up to. But, on the other hand, they have issues in accepting that the little Cinderella is better than them. Therefore, all they try doing is to bring the poor Cinderella down from every possible angle they could rather than thinking or planning how to be like the little princess. In addition, being unable to accept what has been said, written or what actually is, is the main reason and the source of all the envies and jealousies for people to get hurt, being hurt by others, or self-inflicting and depressing state of mind, which can even be related to psychological terms like being in the self-defense-mechanism mode, where one tries to polish or cover up what he/she actually is and try pointing at others faults in order to outshine others charms instead of being kind, humble and simple by trying hard by themselves. According to the story, Cinderella is seen as a very simple, gentle, kind and polite and even forgiving to others since she is the one who has a great and an amazing set of mind even though she has been mistreated for all these while her whole life. Since forgiving is a state of moving out from the usual unpleasant moments of life, Cinderella forgave those who has mistreated her for good and also in order for herself to move on to another pleasant l evel of her own life. Top 6: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs From another tale of Walt Disney; The Snow white and the seven dwarfs, many lessons are being given to the little children who are more likely to be addicted to the Disney cartoons and fairy tales. Snow Whites life turned upside down when her dad remarried with a woman who was known as the most famous and the most beautiful woman in town, who turned out to be the most evil queen of all kingdoms. From the moment the little Snow Whites father; the kings passing away; she was left with this evil Queen, who was also her stepmother. The queens conflict within herself was her own insecurity from comparing herself with the little snow white, because she believed that she has to be the only fair and the most beautiful woman of the entire entire kingdom. She could not accept that the little snow white was as white as snow and as pure as pearls. The evil queen did not want to give the power of the kingdom to the little snow white too. She was already getting old and her health was already deteriorating. She has always had tough times accepting all these and just giving the kingdom to the little princess. From all this unfortunate fortunes, the little snow white somehow escaped from the miserable jealous queen and came to live with the seven hardworking dwarfs who helped and loved her truly and took care of her. But as to the queens persistence, she turns herself into an old lady and offered snow white a poisonous apple. As soon as snow white consumed a bite of the apple, she instantly fell unconscious. But due to her being kind-hearted to people and staying simple, good fortune looked upon the poor snow white that the seven dwarfs chased the queen to the top of the mountains, the thunders and lightning stroke the place and to the little princesss luck, the queen ended her life. Even though the little snow white fell unconscious, her prince charming came and gave her the loves first kiss which woke her up and rescued her. Thus, we all can learn that how much ever you are being in deep tragedies, or your life has not been good in any situation, you just have to hold on, keep your mind simple and all the positive good fortunes will come to you all at once. Top 7: The Hare and the Tortoise This old story of the hare and the tortoise can give all the children who usually dreams of becoming somebody that is famous and powerful a great lesson to be humble all along in life. It is not being famous and powerful that matters, but it is of being humble. If you are being too ignorant and arrogant just because you get to be famous, the fame surely will not last for long. As it is the natures phenomenon that everything comes back down once it gets way higher up where it has a limit, and the same thing will happen for those who become too ignorant of things around you by getting powerful. In the story, due to the hares over-confidence and being too arrogant, it lost to the tortoise in a race, which also is ridiculous for a fast-running hare to lose to a small-speeded tortoise in a race. This proved that the hare was trying to overpower the tortoise which was already slower than it is in doing things. It was also trying to show the power it has upon this tortoise and believed itself that it would definitely be the winner of the race. Power is something that has to do with the social relationship rather than a quality of the individual and that is not owned by any individuals but is a main product of any social relationships in which certain qualities become more important and valuable to others. A person who think or take themselves and tries to show that they are the most powerful to outsiders are usually and often are people with less power than they appear. As we all could see from the hare and its over-confidence, it took itself way too high and fell asleep under a tree in the middle of the race thinking the tortoise would never make it to the stop. This was the act of looking down at someone who is already in lower power than you. Being humble takes account in this case and reminds not to look down on anyone and to stop being too proud of ones self. Top 8: The Ant and the grasshopper This story is a great piece that can be shared to both the little ones and the youngsters who are on the path of spending money and looking for pleasure. The point of spending money lavishly only lasts for a certain period of time but it never lasts longer than the short while. It can only give you pleasure just for a little while that you would not even get to taste what it feels like to actually gain pleasure and be happy about spending a large amount of money. According to this story of the ant and the grasshopper, the grasshopper was the one who always spent a lot more than the ant, enjoyed life, had fun and used up all it had. But on the other hand, the ant was being thrifty and hardworking. It also saved up for its own good and looked far way ahead of the future to be able to face any unexpected terms, just like the saying, expect the unexpected. This is the only way and the most important fact to bear in mind to overcome any unexpected when you are to really face them on the hand. The grasshopper then died of being cold and also due to starvation when the winter came while the ant survived the season from being prepared and saved up the corns during summer for it to be able to cope with the weather and face the natural danger of the changes of the seasons. We can also say that the ant survived due its avoidance of the grasshopper from persuading it to join itself from happily enjoying life, wasting time and spending all it has without putting a tiny bit of effort in the lifesaving strategy. If the grasshopper were to work hard just like the ant did and save up what is needed to protect it from the unexpected, it would not have ended its own life to the unbearable weather and its coldness. Top 9: The Ugly Duckling From one of the best bedtime stories, the ugly duckling story was also a great one to be shared with the children for them to learn from the storyline which expresses that the mere physical appearance do not matter all the time and only appreciating ones inner beauty brings out the best in others and in yourself in every possible and positive ways. It is about self-esteem and confidence when dealing with others and improving ones life rather than just on the basic looks of a person. Someone only with the appealing appearance and without any charismatic or inner beauty leads to nowhere. The most important thing in life is to appreciate every little thing and be grateful of things that happen around you for those brings you the best in you and teach from falling apart or prevent you from feeling like a failure when everyone elses perception is that you would never be able to hold on to when it comes to a certain point where life brings you down for different reasons. This ugly duckling was being ostracized from its fellow fowls just because of its unpleasant appearance. But then when the turning point of this ugly ducklings life comes, it finally grows into a beautiful swan, and that is the moment when the others who abandoned this beautiful swan from being a part of them are to look at it in awe. Thus, this story stresses young children and even the adults who read these stories for the little ones to appreciate the inner beauty and the talents that shows the importance and the mindset of someone, rather than just the physical appearance. Top 10: The Boy who cried wolf This fable of the boy who cried wolf is a very good example for those youngsters who amuse them by scaring others and seeking for attention and making fun of the elders. This story is also known as the Shepherd boy and the wolf, in which the bored shepherd boy calls out people as if a wolf was coming to attack the village. When all the villagers slowly stopped trusting him when they found out to their disappointment and that it was just a false alarm whenever he cried out as a wolf was coming to attack, they all stopped paying attention to him. The boy lost his life one day when the wolf really did come to attack even though he cried out for help, not even one villager paid attention to what hes been crying out help for. This teaches a great lesson for all the youngsters who just amuse themselves by scaring others and giving false alarms on dangers and things that are important to be notified. This great piece of story also tells people to always tell the truth. Once you start lying about something and see people being satisfied with your lies, you continue without even realizing or noticing yourself. But when it comes to a point where they no longer believe in your lies, and start finding out the truth, they start loathing you and decide never to trust you again.

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four Essay -- Ninet

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four    "On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran." (Orwell 4 "Nineteen"). George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four presents a negative utopian picture, a society ruled by rigid totalitarianism. The government which Orwell creates in his novel is ruled by an entity known as Big Brother and consists of three branches. The Ministry of Truth, overseeing the distribution of propaganda and other printed materials, the Ministry of War, the millitary unit, and the Ministry of Love, the law enforcement division, make up the government. The main character, Winston Smith, does not completely accept the ideology that is fed to him by the government, through the concept of Big Brother. When one examines George Orwell's life, it can be clearly seen that he personifies his political perceptions, social and aesthetic characteristics, and self-examination of his own writing, through Winston Smith, in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell's political perceptions, especially his skepticism of mass media, are given life through Winston Smith. Spending time working for the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), Orwell experienced many distorted truths and propaganda (Woodcock 9). This led to an intense distrust of those in power and their influence on the information distributed to and recieved by the general public. Orwell explains how history is altered by whomever is in power. In Orwell's essay "Revising History" he examines the credibility of history and finds that it is... ...cyclopedia of Modern World Literature. New York: Hawthorn Books Inc. 1963: 343. Kollar, Maros. "George Orwell Biography." 4 pgs. Online. America Online. 18 Jan. 1999. Available: www.suldal.vgs.no/engelsk/orwell/bioorw.htm. Magill, Frank N. ed. Survey of Science Fiction Literature. Vol. 3. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1979: 1532-1533. Orwell, George."Revising History." As I Please 4 Feb. 1944. Online. America Online. 2 Jan. 1999: 1-2. ---.Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ontario: Penguin Books, 1949: 10, 61. ---."Why I Write." 1947: 5pgs. Online. America Online. 2 Jan. 1999. Available: www.resort.com/~prime8/orwell/whywrite.html. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four: Past, Present and Future. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. 1989: xv, xvi. Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1966: 9, 57, 219, 258.

All About Maps Essay

What are maps? Maps are the world reduced to points, lines, and areas, using a variety of visual resources: size, shape, value, texture or pattern, colour, orientation, and shape. A thin line may mean something different from a thick one, and similarly, red lines from blue ones. How do maps represent reality? A photograph shows all objects in its view; a map is an abstraction of reality. The cartographer selects only the information that is essential to fulfil the purpose of the map, and that is suitable for its scale. Maps use symbols such as points, lines, area patterns and colours to convey information. Why are maps important? A map gives a miniature â€Å"picture† of a very large space. A map is a guide to a space you have not encountered before. Maps have distance, mountains, rivers, and shapes of places or destinations. With a map, one does not have to depend on local directions. For a small price, it is a direction finder and a dependable way to take a journey. What are atlases? An atlas is a collection of maps in book form. Atlases are made for different regions and areas, and are prepared for desk use or travel use. A travel atlas is usually packaged for easy use during a trip, often with spiral bindings so it can be folded flat, and with maps at a large zoom so that they can be easily consulted on the go. A desk atlas features sizes and bindings that are typical for reference books: usually a paperback or hardcover format. Lines of latitude These are imaginary lines that circle the world in an east-west direction. They tell you how far north or south a place is from the Equator. They are drawn parallel to the Equator. There are five main lines of latitude. They are the Equator, the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle. Lines of longitude Longitude is the angular distance, measured in degrees, east and west of the Prime Meridian, which is at 0o. These are imaginary lines that run across the Earth’s surface in a north-south direction, from the North Pole to the South Pole. Legends and symbols Since a map is a reduced representation of the real world, map symbols are used to represent real objects. Without symbols, we wouldn’t have maps. Both shapes and colours can be used for symbols on maps. A small circle may mean a point of interest, with a brown circle meaning recreation, red circle meaning services, and green circle meaning rest stop. Colours may cover larger areas of a map, such as green representing forested land and blue representing waterways. To ensure that a person can correctly read a map, a Map Le

Quebrals Reflections On Development Communication Education Essay

Upon reading Quebral ‘s Reflections on Development Communication ( 2002 ) , I stumbled upon the undermentioned lines: â€Å" Let us non bury development, allow us ne'er bury development. In development communicating, it remains the weightier of the two. † As a DevCom pupil who is about to step out of the university ‘supposedly ‘ equipped with all the cognition about development communicating, my immediate response to the statement above was to travel back to my ain experience all throughout my old ages with College of Development Communication ( CDC ) in University of the Philippines Los Banos ( UPLB ) . Afterwards, I felt the demand to cognize whether other senior pupils like me personally experienced and felt the weight of development in DevCom, which harmonizing to Quebral should be â€Å" weightier † as opposed to the communicating constituent – therefore, the birth of this research. Waisbord ( 2001 ) defined development communicating as â€Å" the application of communicating schemes and rules in the underdeveloped universe. † Harmonizing to Cagasan ( 2008 ) , this definition is based on the development theories that evolved through the old ages due to miss of advancement and betterment in the societal wellbeing of those populating in the post-war epoch. In relation to the persistent development jobs that paved manner to the alterations in the development idea and patterns of development communicating in general ( Ongkiko and Flor, 2003 ; Quebral, 2002 ) , there is the demand to continuously explore both the bing and emerging constructs of â€Å" development † in order to relieve these jobs. Quebral ( 2002 ) said that â€Å" communicating should follow where development leads. † Recognizing that the development constituent is the really nucleus of the development communicating subject calls for a deeper apprehension of how Development Communication pupils view â€Å" development. † This apprehension will be important in the function of the pupils as future development communicators. It is dry that cognizing how of import the development facet is in our DevCom work, there are really few surveies that explore the perceptual experiences DevCom pupils about development, all the more their experience on how the construct is emphasized in DevCom. The bing and emerging social jobs serve as the bases for the â€Å" substance of development † as discussed by Quebral ( 2002 ) . While development and communicating as separate constructs have their ain of import functions in the DevCom procedure, the development facet is found to be the weightier of the two. Development should order the sort of communicating needed to accomplish the ends of DevCom. However, development as a procedure and construct is of course germinating. The alterations in the development thought – from modernisation ( economic ) up to participatory ( critical ) – are accountable for the plurality of significances and understanding associated with the construct of development. Knowing this, it is interesting to cognize about the significances constructed by DevCom pupils sing the development construct and how they felt its importance through the full class of their undergrad DevCom experience. This survey was prompted by my personal inquiry as to whether what I have experienced in my three and a half old ages with CDC-UPLB truly emphasized the â€Å" weightier † importance of the development constituent. Different people have different experiences, experiences which are said to be socially constructed. Different experiences, in bend, consequence to different apprehension or reading of those experiences. This plurality is besides observed in DevCom pupils ‘ concepts of development and their experience in relation to the accent on this construct. This survey will be guided by Kelly ‘s Personal Construct Theory and its hermeneutical signifier, Social Constructionist Theory ( besides societal constructionism ) .Research ProblemThrough a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of selected DevCom pupils ‘ DevCom experience, this survey will try to reply: how do selected DevCom pupils â€Å" experience † the â€Å" weightier † development facet of DevCom in the BS Development Communication course of study? Specifically, this research will reply the followers: What are the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs? What are the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils? What are the specific experiences of selected senior DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development? What are their sensed functions of development communicators based on their apprehension of development? What are the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom?Research AimsIn general, this research aims to follow how selected DevCom pupils â€Å" experience † the â€Å" weightier † development facet of DevCom in the BS Development Communication course of study by carry oning a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of their DevCom experience. Specifically it aims to: Identify the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs ; Identify the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils ; Determine the specific experiences of selected DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development ; Determine selected DevCom pupils ‘ perceived functions of development communicators ; and Enumerate the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom.Significance of the StudyThe â€Å" I † position plays a large function in DevCom pattern since development communicators act as agents of alteration. This survey can lend in detecting how pupils understand and â€Å" experience † the construct of development which is believed to be the more of import constituent of DevCom and important in analyzing and practising development communicating. In add-on, this survey can make full in the spreads in understanding development as a construct and as the â€Å" weightier † constituent of DevCom, every bit good as the DevCom pattern in general. It can assist measure whether DEVC classs lead the pupils to the right path approximately development as a construct and the pattern of DevCom. Through the histories of the research worker and the selected senior DevCom pupils who participated in this survey, CDC-UPLB will hold the opportunity to take a glance of the DevCom experience of the college ‘s shortly to be â€Å" official merchandises † – the graduating pupils.Scope and Boundary linesThis survey is grounded merely on the premise that people with different concepts anticipate things in the same manner ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Craig ( 2002 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , said that one does non necessitate to hold a direct experience of what other people experienced in order to understand it. Alternatively, it can be assumed that what they have experienced resembles our ain. It is impossible to interview all the DevCom pupils ; therefore assorted purposive sampling was conducted. This is suited for surveies that merely necessitate a little part of a population to be studied. However, one disadvantage of this method is that there is no manner of cognizing whether the selected samples are representative of the population. Since this survey looks into the emic positions of the selected DevCom pupils sing their apprehension and existent â€Å" experience † of the weightier development facet, it can non be guaranteed that the same contemplations are true for the full population, sing the differences in their experiences. The term â€Å" DevCom experience † is besides used merely to mention to the journey taken by the selected senior pupils all throughout their old ages with CDC. This survey besides does non insinuate that DevCom should entirely set its attempts in stressing the development facet of DevCom ; for one, it is still a field of survey in Communication. However, the realisation of the â€Å" development as the weightier facet † – which ( based on my experience ) is frequently overlooked in some DEVC classs – should assist CDC realine its instructional precedences.Chapter IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn analyzing development communicating as a field, it is of import to understand its constituents to cognize how it works and whether its patterns are still aligned with its uttered ends. This literature reappraisal will supply a brief but comprehensive background about development communicating with the focal point on its development facet.The Evolving â€Å" Devel opment † Concept – the Core Ingredient of DevComDevelopment as a construct, as stated in different surveies, frequently takes a unidirectional way: â€Å" from a province of poorness to one of dynamic socio-economic growing † as stated by Quebral ( 2002 ) and it is frequently associated with the footings â€Å" betterment † ( Cagasan, et al. , 2008 ) and â€Å" positive † societal alteration or transmutation. In New Perspectives on Communication and Development ( 1976 ) , Everett Rogers defined the term development as â€Å" the purposeful alteration toward a sort of societal and economic system that a state decides it wants. † This is besides related to premise presented by Pratt ( 1993 ) wherein the writer stated that development revolves around the premise that bing and non-existing social constituents can order the â€Å" life criterions and the societal wellbeing desired by its people. † The thought of development may look really basic but it underwent a long history of development. A figure of surveies in DevCom traced the alterations in the development thought by sing the different theories that influenced the field. In discoursing the development of the development construct, Srampickal ( 2006 ) looked foremost into the modernisation theory by Lerner, Schramm, Pye, and Rogers in the 1950 ‘s and 1960 ‘s. This phase is similar to what Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) referred to as the First Development Decade which entails the economic position of development. During this phase, development was gauged through the states ‘ gross national merchandise ( GNP ) or the entire value of goods and services in a twelvemonth and their capableness to accommodate new engineerings. Harmonizing to Preston ( 1996 ) , modernisation is an American thought which became popular after the Second World War for its claim that all societies were heading towards industrialisation. This development theory claims that the less developed states can merely better by undergoing economic growing and behavioural alterations in people in footings of labour ( Kendall, 2008 ) . Kendall ( 2008 ) elaborated modernisation theory through the economic development phases framed by former U.S. President John F. Kennedy ‘s economic adviser, Walt W. Rostow:Traditional PhaseThis is to a great extent characterized by â€Å" fatalistic value system † or the traditional and cultural beliefs which delimits the people to accomplish societal and economic alteration. This is the phase wherein people lack motive to work because of their belief that poorness and economic want are inevitable.Take-off PhaseDuring this period, people begin to be more optimistic about accomplishing economic growing. Here, high-income states guide the low-income 1s towards the following phase of economic development.Technological AdulthoodThis phase is determined by a state ‘s technological betterment, new industries and acceptance of beliefs and values being demonstrated by high-income states.High Mass ConsumptionThis is the last phase of Rostow ‘s economic development wh erein the state eventually achieves the â€Å" high criterion of life. † Modernization paradigm and its focal point on transmittal theoretical account of communicating which was characterized by transmittal of information through mass media runs were greatly criticized for pretermiting the potencies of interpersonal communicating in the procedure. However, subsequently on, this peculiar unfavorable judgment has been realized and was incorporated in the theoretical account ( Inagaki, 2007 ) . In support to this dominant paradigm, Everett Rogers ( 1976 ) introduced the thought of diffusion of inventions which concerns a top-down attack in pass oning technological thoughts, which in the 1960 ‘s were focused on agribusiness and household planning methods. The difference between modernisation theory and diffusion theoretical account lies on emphasizing the importance of interpersonal communicating. The latter recognized the restrictions of mass media in impacting behavioural alterations which is considered an advantage of interpersonal communicating ( In agaki, 2007 ) . One of the criticisms modernisation theory had to face was its limited description of development utilizing the duality between traditional and modern, agricultural and industrial, rural and urban, etc. ( Preston, 1996 ) . Modernization theory besides failed in the facet that development is non merely mensurable through economic statistics ( Lagerwey, 2009 ) . Fair ( 1989 ) said that the dominant paradigm of the First Development Decade failed to see the other causes of underdevelopment aside from economic footings ( e.g. GNP, per capita income ) which includes the â€Å" instabilities and category contradictions † historically created in Third World Countries through colonisation. Ong ( 2009 ) argued that even the economic position of development involves beyond mere economic sciences. The writer named several other concerns of development: efficient societal organisation, improved societal constructions, peace and order, skilled labour force, effectual policymaking and execu tion, to call a few. While it is true that development is economic in nature, it does non purely halt at that place. Harmonizing to Tagle ( 2009 ) , development must besides hold its societal constituent wherein self-fulfillment and harnessing of human possible drama a really of import function. Towards the terminal of the 1960 ‘s, the alleged dependence theory emerged which realized that the modernisation attack merely made the Third World states to a great extent dependent on the First World states ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ; Srampickal 2006 ) .The unfavorable judgments on the economic position of development led to the birth of the humanistic position in the 1970 ‘s ( Second Development Decade ) . During this phase, the quality of life ( indicated by fulfilment of basic demands, employment, equality and instruction ) and adult male himself became the steps of development ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . On the other manus, the 1980 ‘s was labeled as the Third Development Decade. During this period, realignment and concentrate on development precedences set during the old phase were initiated. Concerns like â€Å" adult females in development ( WID ) , environment, societal dimensions, autochthonal peoples and sustainable development † were given accent ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Roman ( 2005 ) , sorting the construct of development into different paradigms can be both utile and deceptive. The writer pointed out that while development paradigms are helpful for differentiation intents, they besides tend to take communicating bookmans astray by: ( 1 ) giving the incorrect thought that these paradigms finally replace each other ; ( 2 ) the impression that the paradigms are bound to be sole ; and ( 3 ) the magniloquence of these paradigms tend to befog how they are applied in world. He besides emphasized the inclination of development communicators to lodge with one of these paradigms which accordingly consequences to restricting themselves â€Å" within a general model of what development is or should be. † The alterations in the development idea have a really important impact on the communicating constituent of DevCom. Eligio ( 2008 ) noted that â€Å" the displacement in development thought † consequences in â€Å" rethinking of communicating. † This is farther supported by Quebral in her Contemplations on Development Communication ( 2002 ) where she pointed out that since development is the weightier facet of DevCom, it is besides the finding factor of the content of communicating. Quebral farther emphasized that even though DevCom is seen as a subdivision of communicating in an academic position – as pupils are taught about communicating being the tool or scheme used to consequence positive alteration in the society – it must ever be clear that the construct of development is more of import. This constituent of DevCom is the 1 that sets it apart from other communicating subjects and the 1 that determines the DevCom end and message. Quebral stressed that à ¢â‚¬Å" communicating should follow where development leads. † Given this degree of importance in the field, it is, therefore, imperative to give focal point on the construct of development.The Communication-Development RelationshipDevelopment as a desired societal criterion is believed to be possible through communicating ( Pratt, 1993 ) . Gebner ( 1967 ) , as cited in Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) , merely defined communicating as â€Å" societal interaction through messages. † As an ever-changing procedure of reassigning messages and shared significances between and among members of society, communicating is said to take a really of import function in accomplishing the end of development. In different facets of life – societal, economic, religious, and political – development is believed to be impossible to take topographic point without the procedures of communicating ( e.g. information sharing, duologue, and knowledge exchange ) . Harmonizing to Wilkins an d Mody ( 2001 ) , the field of development communicating today has been re-conceptualized by the usage of modern engineerings and processes – in simple footings, the usage of communicating for social and single improvement. This besides enables communicating to link people in â€Å" participatory and shared-decision devising † ( Srampickal, 2006 ) . To understand DevCom, it is of import to understand development and communicating non merely as two separate constructs but besides as â€Å" spouses. † Majority of the literature that talks about development communicating defines the field as the usage of communicating to accomplish the end of societal alteration. However, Quebral ( 2002 ) pointed out that for the instance of DevCom at Los Banos, development communicating is non the same as â€Å" mediated communicating. † She reiterated the weightier importance of the development constituent in the field and that the ends of DevCom reflected in her definition – speedy transmutation, societal equity and fulfilment of human possible – are all refering to the â€Å" sort of development we are taking for. † Therefore, it is necessary to transfuse in the immature DevCom pupils the right â€Å" substance of development † in order for them to be applied in their pattern in the hereafter.Developmen t CommunicationThe being and return of different signifiers of social jobs gave birth to the field of development communicating ( DevCom ) . Harmonizing to Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) it is out of necessity – the demand to work out the social jobs, peculiarly in developing states – that development communicating came into the image. DevCom as a professional and scientific field in the Philippines had its foundation on agricultural communicating, but the realisation that the development-oriented issues are non merely present in agribusiness and rural jobs paved manner to the alterations in the subject ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ; Librero, 2008 ) . Today, the dominant position of DevCom worldwide involves both the societal and single degree: ( 1 ) positive societal alteration and ( 2 ) realisation of human potency which finally leads to human improvement ( Wilkins & A ; Mody, 2001 ; Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . This is reflected in the most normally used definition of DevCom, at least for the Los Banos School of Development Communication, given by Dr. Nora C. Quebral ( 1988 ) : â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the art and scientific discipline of human communicating applied to the rapid transmutation of a state and the mass of its people from poorness to a dynamic province of economic growing that makes possible greater societal equality and larger fulfilment of the human potency. † This definition of DevCom, every bit good as its accompanying pattern, has already evolved since she foremost coined the term in 1971. In 1999, Quebral changed the footings â€Å" speedy † to â€Å" planned † and â€Å" societal equality † to â€Å" equity † ( Eligio, 2008 ; Quebral, 2002 ) . This shows the trouble in set uping a individual and inactive definition of DevCom due to the altering micro- and macro- scenes that the field has been exposed to and the uninterrupted alteration both in development [ and ] communicating ideas in peculiar ( Quebral, 2002 ) . Therefore, it is critical to concentrate on the â€Å" many beds of significance † attached to DevCom ( Eligio, 2008 ) .Marginalization and the DevCom BiasWilkins ( 2000 ) defined development communicating as â€Å" the strategic application of communicating engineerings and procedures to advance societal alteration † . The DevCom enterprises expressed in this definition fundamentall y falls under the end of bettering the quality of life of those in the poorer countries of the universe ( Morris, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Waisbord ( 2001 ) , the historical factors that influenced development were founded on the embedded premise that the sort of development that developed states should be replicated by developing states. Although, this modernisation theory is believed to hold â€Å" passed † in the 1980 ‘s, Eligio ( 2008 ) still inquiries this passing of the dominant paradigm. In their treatment of development construct, Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) presented foremost the societal jobs that must be addressed by development communicating. These social jobs are the 1s nowadays in the Third World states: poorness, unemployment, high population growing, inequality, malnutrition, and the likes of it. In relation to these social jobs, Quebral ( 2002 ) commented: â€Å" From clip to clip, an old job is dusted off and given a new or broad angle, as in nutrient production or generative wellness alternatively of household planning. Poverty, nevertheless, stays – starkly – as poorness. It has proved to be stubborn, many-rooted job withstanding one-dimensional solutions. † The development of development positions is non without matching alterations in attack. New constructs of development have emerged in recent surveies on development communicating. This includes accent on people mobilisation, authorization, and engagement ( Cagasan et al. , 2008 ) . However, the writer argued that development should travel beyond the basic demands: â€Å" poorness is no longer the exclusive account for underdevelopment. † The construct of marginalisation emerged and this involves issues of human rights, spiritualty, morality, and other well-being concerns of adult male. Therefore, marginalized people are non merely those who are missing in footings of economic position. While the positions and attacks have changed, the nucleus societal jobs related to underdevelopment stay the same. Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) said that DevCom â€Å" purposes to learn the hapless to better his life. † The writer besides stressed the function of DevCom in assisting people fulfill the lower order of Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs – a theory of motive which claims that human demands can be arranged harmonizing to their importance ( Figure 1 ) . It can hence be assumed that development communicating has a prejudice towards the marginalized sectors since they are the direct donees of DevCom projects.5th Self-Actualization and fulfilment4th Esteem and StatusHigher Order3rd Belonging and societal demandsLower Order2nd Safety and Security1st Basic Physical NeedsFigure 1. Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003, p. 165 )The alterations in development communicating throughout the old ages led to realisations of implicit in concerns sing p ower and construction ( Wilkins & A ; Mody, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to White ( 2004 ) , power in the field of communicating prioritizes the individualities and resources of different societal groups. Wilkins ( 2000 ) emphasized the demand to do alterations in the field of DevCom by locating â€Å" its discourse and pattern within contexts of power. † This focal point on power, along with the end of impacting positive alteration, is portion of the critical attack to DevCom. Quebral ( 2002 ) noted the different values which are all brought about by the paradigm displacements in the development idea. These values include engagement, struggle declaration, sustainability, and gender equality. One good illustration of this critical chase in DevCom is the survey conducted by Cadiz in 1994 that looked into the function of engagement in the development procedure. Eglio ( 2008 ) said that Cadiz took a â€Å" critical instead thanaˆÂ ¦ positive position of societal world † and that Cadiz ‘ survey showed that DevCom is a â€Å" communicating scientific discipline that addresses the societal worlds of the hapless. † In her effort to emphasize the DevCom ‘s displacement from positive position to a critical base, Quebral ( 1993 ) wrote: â€Å" Critical theoryaˆÂ ¦takes a more philosophical oppugning stance towards cardinal societal inquiries. Sing the communicating procedure as inseparable from society ‘s societal and cultural constructions, it sets as end the self-emancipation of people from domination ; hence its involvement in the Reconstruction of society. † Servaes ( 1999 ) , as cited in White ( 2004 ) , established the demand to get down development enterprises at grass-roots degree of communities. White ( 2004 ) explained Servaes ‘ thought by indicating out that the escape of societal motions from hierarchal construction by set uping their ain systems of communicating and organisation chiefly defines the development procedure.Plurality of Worlds and Concepts of DevelopmentMultiple worlds have influence on manner development communicators construe the construct of development. Harmonizing to Fetterman ( 1998 ) , the certification of multiple worlds in a specific field is â€Å" important to an apprehension of why people think and act in the different ways they do. † In analyzing societal jobs, which in the instance of this survey is important in understanding different significances of â€Å" development † , Holsti ( as cited in Moran, 1993 ) can be quoted: â€Å" We need constructs of what is, what is of import, what is desirable, and what is related to what are likely to be at the nucleus of the political procedure that societal, psychological, economic, or whatever procedure is to be studied. † This thought of Holsti is related to the construct of world that is personally constructed by an person. Moran ( 1993 ) said that personal building is ever the â€Å" mention point † for finding similarities and differences between/among constructs under survey. In the instance of University of the Philippines – College of Development Communication, the survey conducted by Cagasan et. al. , ( 2008 ) documented the assorted concepts of development that have emerged in module and pupil research surveies of CDC-UPLB from 1972 to 2004. The writers of the survey noted the â€Å" series of substitutions † that the construct of development has gone through in the instance of CDC-UPLB module and pupils who experience different worlds, given the diverse scenes and backgrounds, non to advert their personal prejudices. The survey participants were asked about their personal definitions of development, perceived significance of development based on DevCom pattern, their ain beliefs on what manifest development and significances of development based on their personal experience. Cagasan et. Al. ( 2008 ) presented three major subjects of development as consequences of the survey:Development as bettermentThis concept of development emerged from the grim influence of the modernisation paradigm. Development is viewed here as â€Å" betterment. †Development as a endThe altering multiplicity of significances of the development construct can be attributed to its nature of being a long-time end. Its subtheme involves the construct of â€Å" alteration. †Development as a procedureThe thought reflected in this concept is that development itself is a procedure. This most recent position of development involves the constructs of â€Å" authorization, engagement, autonomy, inaugural and societal investing. † Cagasan ‘s survey showed that the plurality in worlds can convey in multiple concepts of development. In the same manner, it is interesting to cognize how this plurality besides affects the manner immature DevCom pupils construe the construct of development.College of Development CommunicationThe College of Development Communication ( CDC ) website described the DevCom household as â€Å" [ a ] closely knit household of persons equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, and values to move as accelerators for societal alteration. † It is known as the 9th college of University of the Philippines Los Banos and considered to be the innovator in DevCom both as a field of pattern and field of survey in the universe. CDC started as the Office of Extension and Publications under the so UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) in 1954 and evolved several times until it was elevated into a college in 1998. The College introduces and trains undergraduate and graduate pupils in â€Å" procedures and constructions of communicating with accent on those that promote equity, authorization, environmental sustainability, and peace and human rights † ( Communication for Social Change Consortium, 2010 ) . The College ‘s vision and mission besides emphasize the end of sustainable development and betterment of quality of life the Philippines and other developing states. The Bachelor of Science in Development Communication plan requires pupils to finish 148 units which include the nucleus classs of DevCom, general instruction classs ( GE ) , every bit good as proficient and societal scientific discipline electives ( CDC-UPLB, 2004 ) . Since this survey will look into the experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils, the wining subdivisions will advert the nucleus classs of the BSDC plan ( see Appendix A ) .Theoretical ModelThis survey falls under the phenomenological tradition of communicating which focuses on â€Å" depicting lived experience and acknowledging the significance of our corporal, inter-subjective life-world † ( Finlay, 2008 ) . Communicators influenced by this tradition take the emic position or a ‘view from the interior ‘ in looking at the mundane life of an person ( Griffin, 2008 ) . In this survey, the construct of meaning-making, every bit good as lived and shared experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils in relation to their constructed significances of the development construct were explored. In the context of the â€Å" weightier † development facet in DevCom, experiences of the participants will state a batch specifically on how this construct is being emphasized in DevCom classs. Social constructionist theory ( besides societal constructionism ) , the hermeneutical signifier of constructivism, will be used to depict these experiences of the research worker ( heuristics ) and of the other selected participants ( hermeneutics ) .Personal Construct TheoryKelly ‘s PCT is besides called â€Å" theory of alteration † ( Rix, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Neimeyer and Bridges ( 2004 ) , the focal point of personal concept theory ( PCT ) is on how persons and societal groups â€Å" organize and alter their positions of ego and universe. † By and large, an single positions the universe through forms which he/she creates to suit their worlds. These forms are called concepts ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Kelly ‘s thought of personal concept theory was derived in this earlier thought of â€Å" constructive alternativism. † Under this belief, adult male ‘s buildings of world depend on how adult male will construe the events and things around him which accordingly forms his ain positions of the ego and the universe. Kelly presupposes that adult male is a scientist – the 1 who invents his ain world and trial it. Man has the duty to foretell and command the class of events. As cited by Carl ( 1999 ) Kelly explained the function of adult male as a scientist: â€Å" The scientist does non keep up his or her theoretical proposal to be judged so much in footings of whether it is the truth at last or non — for the scientist assumes from the beginning that ultimate truth is non so readily at manus — but to be judged in footings of whether his or her proposition seems to take toward and give manner to fresh propositions ; propositions which, in bend, possibly more true than anything else has been therefore far. † Interpretation, anticipation and response in relation to personal experiences are possible through analysis of concepts ( Mahoney & A ; Mahoney, 2004 ) . Kelly ( 1963 ) established the thought that concepts are â€Å" representation of the universeaˆÂ ¦erected by a life animal and so tested against the world of that existence. † This implies that people do non merely move in response to external universe but he/she besides has the power to construe its events and behave harmonizing to them. PCT looks at people as animals that have the capableness to form their perceptual experiences or beliefs based on repeating subjects and significances ( Neimeyer & A ; Bridges, 2004 ) . Therefore, it can be construed from this that people have their ain readings of worlds depending on how they see the universe from their personal positions. This is a clear representation of Mahoney ‘s ( 1988 ) â€Å" proactive knowledge † which he considered to be one of the basicss of con structivism. Kelly ( 1963 ) besides introduced the construct of constructive alternativism wherein people have the power to ‘reconstruct ‘ his/her belief systems if they no longer suit him/her. For illustration, in the instance of this survey, even though pupils have been exposed to assorted significances of the construct of development during their first twelvemonth as DevCom pupils which may hold helped them set up a peculiar concept of it, they can do ‘alternative buildings ‘ based on their personal experiences. This farther explains the multiplicity of significances since the manner people construe the universe is affected by changing personal experiences.Constructivism and the Construction of ExperienceThe modern-day constructivist argument presents the statement between â€Å" cognition as innovation and cognition as contemplation of world † ( see Figure 2 ) ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 1993 ) . This besides answers the inquiry: What is existent? and Does an external world exist? Littlejohn ( 1999 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , explains that constructivism looks into human readings and actions based on â€Å" classs of the head. † This implies that people ‘s procedure of making significances is done by â€Å" sorting experience into classs † which in bend are socially constructed and based on interaction with other people ( as cited in Cangao, 2009 ) . Constructivism is concerned with an single interpretation his/her world ; this is every bit opposed to the statement that people are representation of a socially-constructed world as said by societal constructionism ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 2004 ) . Maturana ( 1978 ) , as cited in Chiari and Nuzzo ( 1993 ) , defined world as a â€Å" sphere specified by the operations of the perceiver. † The perceiver referred to by the writer is person who can â€Å" do differentiations in actions and ideas † while being able to work as a separate entity from his or her environment. In order to understand how personal concepts in relation to their ain constructs of world can be interpreted, Ewen ( 1992 ) enumerated Kelly ‘s colloraries aligned with the Fundamental Postulate [ â€Å" The psychological procedures that comprise our personality are of course active, and are molded into customary forms by the ways in which we anticipate the hereafter † ( Ewen, 1992, pp. 347 ) ] :Question Knowledge as Knowledge/realityrelationship asDoes an external world exist? INVENTION COINCIDENCE IdealismnoDoes it be independently of the perceiver? yes SPECIFICATION STRUCTURAL hermeneutic no Yoke yes Constructivism Is it possible to cognize it? Construction ADAPTATION group as VIABILITYyesIs it a lucifer between cognition and world possible?REPRESENTATION ADAPTATION trivial no as SYMMETRY critical RealismyesREFLECTION naifFigure 2. Wayss of gestating Knowledge-Reality relationship ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 1993 )Construction Corollary: Peoples interpret events based on similarities and differences Individuality Corollary: Each person has his/her ain reading of events or world Organization Corollary: The usage of hierarchies — which besides vary among persons – in forming personal concepts Dichotomy Corollary: Every concept has two poles Choice Corollary: The inclination to value the pole of bipolar concept that allows more accurate anticipation of events Range Corollary: Concepts are believed to be merely utile in foretelling limited types of events Experience Corollary: System of building to a great extent relies on experiences and the desire to better in foretelling events Modulation Corollary: There are concepts that limit the alteration of the system based on what is convenient to them Atomization Corollary: An person can utilize the contradicting facets of personal concepts at different times Commonality Corollary: Different people can hold similar ways of interpreting things Sociality Corollary: An apprehension of how one interprets/views the universe is needed in order for a individual to associate to another individual. Boeree ( 2006 ) explained that by â€Å" procedures † in the cardinal posit, Kelly means that people ‘s experiences, behaviours, perceptual experiences and emotions are non caused by a preexistent world but by the unconditioned single desire and capableness to expect or construe the universe. For this research the Experience Corollary was considered. Kelly ( 1963 ) defined experience as the procedure of how an single continuously ‘reconstrues ‘ replicated events. The writer pointed out that experience corollary has a direct impact on our perceptual experience of acquisition. He noted that the credence of the phenomenon wherein a individual invariably concept or construe replicated events assumes the happening of the acquisition procedure. It can be said that â€Å" the experience and Reconstruction of that experience is synonymous with larning † ( Rix, 1982 ) .Social Constructionism ( Hermeneutic Constructivism )Harmonizing to Burr ( 2003 ) , societal constructionism embraces the being of many-sided versions of world as experienced by societal existences. Self and world are said to be human buildings. However, the manner humans construe what is existent for them – how they think and how they act on their ideas – is besides socially constru cted ( Collin, 1997 ; Raskin, 2002 ) . Simply put, we are societal existences who portion and see the universe with others ( Lock & A ; Strong, 2010 ) . For this research, hermeneutic contructivism, specifically Gergen ‘s societal constructionism, was applied to analyze the lived and shared experiences of selected DevCom pupils. This signifier of constructivism conceptualizes human psychological science as â€Å" ensemble of societal dealingss † ( Parker, 1998 ) and that there is no observer-independent world ( Raskin, 2002 ) . The analytical model used in this survey was adopted and modified from Pilon ‘s ( 2009 ) Heuristic-Hermeneutic Procedure in the Socio-cultural Learning Niches. Figure 3 shows that the procedure is composed of four phases: ( 1 ) prepossession, ( 2 ) reading, ( 3 ) apprehension, and ( 4 ) account. Based on the literature, this procedure is considered â€Å" participatory, experiential, and reflexive. †Analytic ModelInterpretation2( Experiences in larning contexts )Understanding31PreconceptionResearch worker+OTHERS( Insight, empathy, accomplishments, intuition ) ( Prior experiences, values, cognition )Explanation4( Revision, deeper understanding )Figure 3. The heuristic- hermeneutic procedure of the DevCom ExperiencePreconception was characterized by the selected senior DevCom pupils ‘ apprehension of development prior to exposure to DevCom classs. Interpretation was determined by their specific experiences in the class of their undergrad DevCom life, peculiarly the experiences refering to the accent on the â€Å" weightier † development facet in DevCom. Subsequently, apprehension is determined by how they acted on what they have learned in DevCom and how they developed their accomplishments and practiced critical thought. Last, account was characterized by their â€Å" deeper understanding † of the construct of development and their observations on how the development construct should be instilled as the much more of import constituent of DevCom.